ENGLISH BUNGHOLE: marzo 2011

miércoles, 30 de marzo de 2011

CURRICULUM VITAE WRITING TIPS

Check this out!, it may be helpful:

http://www.businessballs.com/curriculum.htm

CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONALS:

0 Conditional – is used for scientific facts or general truths. ‘If’ can be substituted for ‘when’.

‘If you boil water to 100°C, it boils.’

‘When you boil water to 100°C, it boils

http://www.abcteach.com/free/0_conditionalb_chart.pdf

http://www.headsupenglish.com/skillbuilders/grammar/conditionalszeroivan.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/conditionals_zero_form.pdf

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode98/fm_languagepoint_070619.pdf

http://www.englishbanana.com/zero-conditional-bgb90.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.zero.pdf

FIRST CONDITIONALS:

1st Conditional – is used with ‘will/can + base verb’ for a probable future result.

‘If you study hard, your English will improve.’

'If I get enough sleep, I will feel better.’

http://www.unrestrictedarea.com/esl/First%20Conditional.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/first_conditional_form.pdf

http://www.pearsonlongman.com/snapshot/pdfs/practice_first_conditional.pdf

http://www.bartanus.cz/Ke%20stazeni/gramatika/Conditionals%20and%20Wish%201.pdf

http://www.englishbanana.com/first-conditional-bgb62.pdf

http://learnwithsofa.com/grammar/ilc4/first_conditional.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode24/languagepoint.pdf

http://www.pearsonlongman.com/totalenglish/pdfs/downloads/pre-intermediate/preint_unit07_grammar01.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/tenses/gr.con1.pdf

http://www.usingenglish.com/files/pdf/christmas-superstitions-1st-conditional.pdf

http://www.hkep.com/_dqtest/proof/Special/9789629489861s.pdf

http://ies1libertas.edu.gva.es/departamentos/ingles/PDFs/cuarto/efirstc4e1.pdf

SECOND CONDITIONALS:

2nd Conditional – uses the ‘simple past’ with ‘modal + base verb’ for imagined, impossible or unreal future situations.

‘If I won the lottery, I would buy a house

'If you met Sean Connery what would you ask him?’

http://www.autoenglish.org/tenses/gr.con2.pdf

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammarchallenge/pdfs/gc_38_2nd_conditional_quizzes.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/verbs-second-conditional1.pdf

http://spol.unica.it/didattica/Giordano/Lingua%20Inglese%201/Grammar/Second%20Conditional%20_1.pdf

http://learnwithsofa.com/grammar/ilc6/the_second_conditional.pdf

http://www.global-english.com/custom/courses/pdf/sample%20c%20_%20the%20second%20conditional.pdf

http://www.pearsonlongman.com/snapshot/pdfs/second_conditional.pdf

THIRD CONDITIONALS:

3rd Conditional – uses the ‘past perfect’ with ‘modal + have + past participle’. It is usually used to express a past regret about something which did not happen in the past.

‘If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.’

‘If I had been on time, I would have met her .’

http://www.autoenglish.org/tenses/gr.con3.pdf

http://www.headsupenglish.com/skillbuilders/grammar/thirdconditional.pdf

http://englishservice.cz/download/Third%20Conditional.pdf

http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/470/047_If%20only%20she.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/third_conditional_form.pdf

CONDITIONALS JUMBLE:

http://learnwithsofa.com/grammar/alc2/conditionals.pdf

http://teslden.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/conditional-wksht11.pdf

http://www.e-grammar.org/download/if-clauses.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.conmixed.pdf

http://englishpage.iris-solutions.org/content/docs/exercises/grammar/conditional/005_009.pdf

http://bachiller.sabuco.com/ingles/eloy/2bach/conditio.pdf

http://www.iescarrus.com/dep/ing/material/4eso/conditional.pdf

http://profeblog.es/blog/teacher/files/2009/05/conditionals.pdf

http://www.skyline-english.com/PDFs/Grammar/4/U1Lesson3.pdf

http://www.se-savigliano.unito.it/programmi/materiali/Adami/CONDITIONAL%20SENTENCES.pdf

http://www.iesdamasoalonso.es/english/uploads/archives/Conditional-Sentences-IN.pdf

Conditionals Grammar

View more presentations from Mateo Hernández

martes, 29 de marzo de 2011

THE WEEK IN RAP, March 25, 2011

Yeah, we made it into Spring/
Peep the week in rap Flocab’s about to bring/
AT&T’s been doing their thing cause they bought T-Mobile and they’re trying to be the king/
While people in Japan are suffering (Radiation!)/
Made it difficult for you to touch your drink/
It’s in tap water so its bad for the babies/
We need help there, we still need it in Haiti/
Let’s take a trip to the Middle East maybe/
You’ve heard what’s been happening in Libya lately/
Coalition forces -shooting missiles/
But Gadhafi’s reign is still official/
In Egypt, they had a free vote/
To bring in change, or at least we hope/
Some people say it may be too soon/
The new revolution needs time to bloom/
Last Saturday we had a super moon/
It was so big it looked like a cartoon/
That’s because it orbited closer/
And made it look so much bigger than its supposed to/
Over in the streets of Jerusalem/
A terrorist bomb ahh think they’d be used to them/
But its been a minute since the city’s been attacked/
Many people think it’s Hamas striking back/
Meanwhile, Obama went south/
To Latin America to see what it’s about/
(He went to) El Salvador, Chile & Brazil/
We’ve still got economic ties to build/
And it’s real sad but the fact is/
Hollywood has lost a legendary actress/
So, rest in peace to Liz Taylor/
Flocab is out yo we’ll see you kids later/

from: http://theweekinrap.com/

jueves, 24 de marzo de 2011

BUNGHOLE OF THE WEEK: SANDWICH

This is one of the most famous word origin stories, appearing in many elementary school textbooks. The dish, consisting of two slices of bread filled with meat or some other savoury, is named after John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92). Montagu was a great gambler and spent many long hours at the gaming tables. During these lengthy sessions he was fond of eating such a bread-meat concoction because he could continue gambling while he did so. His name became associated with the dish in the 1760s.
The first recorded use of sandwich, referring to the dish, is from Edward Gibbon’s journal of 24 November 1762, where he writes:

I dined at the Cocoa Tree...That respectable body...affords every evening a sight truly English. Twenty or thirty...of the first men in the kingdom,...supping at little tables...upon a bit of cold meat, or a Sandwich.

Montagu was not the inventor of the sandwich. People have been sticking meat between slices of bread for millennia. But his social status was such that he created a culinary fashion trend in the mid-18th century and the name stuck.
The earl gets his title from the town of Sandwich in Kent. The oceanside town is named after sand + wic (hamlet or dwelling), or literally sandy town.
(Sources: Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition; Dictionary of English Place Names)
from: http://www.wordorigins.org/

EYE IDIOMS

LONDON: 5 BEST SHOPPING AREAS

London is a shopper's heaven, offering everything from world-famous department stores, to quirky street stalls, to specialist dealerships for virtually every collectible item you can think of. We bring you this guide to five of London's best shopping districts.

Step 1: High Street Shopping: Oxford Street
Stretching from the landmarks of Marble Arch in the West to the Centre Point Tower in the East, Oxford Street is the largest shopping street in Europe. Although many locals can't stand its hectic crowds and traffic, Oxford Street has such a massive range of merchandise that it's definitely the place to come if you want to get all your shopping in one place. At the Eastern end of the street is one of London's best-known luxury department stores, Selfridges, located in an imposing building with a striking Art Deco entrance. Just round the corner from Selfridges is the start of Bond Street, a mecca for high-end, designer clothes, with retail outlets of some of fashion's biggest names. Also just off Oxford Street is the charming St Christopher's Place which, with its outdoor cafes and fountains, provides a welcome relief from the manic crowds. Moving further East along Oxford Street there are several more large flagship department stores, including the popular John Lewis. At the mid-point of Oxford Street, and the junction with Regent Street, is Oxford Circus, which was designed by John Nash in the 19th century and features four distinctive convex buildings on each corner. This is the location of even more large retail stores such as NikeTown, a mecca for sports lovers, and TopShop, which claims to be the world's largest fashion store. At the Eastern end of the street there's a range of electronics stores, cheap souvenir shops and a couple of huge multi-storey record shops. Oxford Street is served by 4 tube stations on 5 tube lines, as well over 20 bus routes. For more information visit http://www.oxfordstreet.co.uk/

Step 2: Luxury Shopping: Knightsbridge
Situated just a stone's throw from London's Hyde Park, Knightbridge is a byword for upmarket, luxury living – the type of area that is home to chauffeured cars and foreign embassies. It is also home to probably the most famous department store in the world, Harrods (www.harrods.com). The store, which has been trading on its current site since 1849, is one of London's biggest tourist attractions. Harrods is absolutely enormous, filling seven floors and an entire city block. The founder of the store claimed that almost anything could be bought there – from a pin to an elephant. Harrods, which even has a dress code for shoppers, is the epitome of grand ostentation. Also nearby is another world-famous department store, the 8-storey Harvey Nichols (www.harveynichols.com), which is known for its excellent range of designer clothes, and innovative window displays. Leading south from Harvey Nichols is the prestigious Sloane Street, which features outlets of the world's most exclusive designer brands. This is where names like Armani, Chanel and Gucci cater to the rich and famous. Other attractions in the area include some of London's best museums in nearby South Kensington. To get to Knightsbridge by public transport, travel to Knightsbridge station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, or use one of the many bus routes that operate in the area.

Step 3: Alternative Shopping: Camden Town
Camden Town is one of North London's most eclectic treasures. It has historically been a cheap area to live with a thriving student community and underground music scene. But in recent years, the area has become one of London's most popular tourist attractions, with its diverse shopping and nightlife. Camden has a vibrant mix of market stalls and shops selling clothes, music, antiques and memorabilia, and is a must for those with an eye for a bargain and an interest in ‘real' London. The market is split into different sections. Camden Market, nearest the tube station, sells a vibrant combination of young designers' fashion, second-hand clothes and music, and fake brands. While it's cheap it's not always good quality. Going North you will reach Camden Lock Market, which has stalls selling ethnic home-ware, art and antiques, and has pretty views of Regent's Canal. Further North is the Stables area which has some of Camden's best shops, selling vintage clothing and shoes, as well as more permanent stalls and food huts. The ‘Horse Hospital' part of the Stables is worth discovering for its antiques and contemporary designer furniture. Camden Town is situated just North of Regent's Park and Euston Station, and is served by the Northern Line of the London Underground. Camden is best explored at the weekend, as it gets extremely crowded at the weekend. For more information visit http://www.camdenmarkets.org/

Step 4: Food Shopping: Borough Market
Nestled beneath the railway arches at London Bridge station, Borough Market is one of London's most charming spots. Regarded as the premier food market in London, Borough draws both locals and tourists with it's huge choice of culinary delights. Borough is the ideal spot for food-lovers, as the market is also surrounded by many restaurants, cafes and pubs, and provides welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of the city just moments away. There has been a food market in this area for about 2000 years, and Borough Market has been located at it's current site for 250 years. The market is located undercover, providing shelter from London's unreliable weather. Fresh produce from some of the finest farms in England is brought to the market daily. There are stalls specialising in fruit and veg, meat, fish, baked goods, as well as specialist foods from different parts of the world. The traders put great effort into the display of their food, making Borough a feast for the eyes as well as the tastebuds. On Thursday to Saturday the market is open to the public, but the rest of the week it is wholesale only. Borough Market is located in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. The market is right next London Bridge station, so it is well served by mainline trains, as well as the Northern and Jubilee lines of the London Underground. There are also many bus routes in the area. For more information, visit http://www.boroughmarket.org.uk/

Step 5: Antiques Shopping: Portobello Road
Portobello Road, and the surrounding district of Notting Hill, is one of London's most vibrant and eclectic areas. For many decades the area has been characterised by a diverse immigrant population, and these days it is a highly sought-after and expensive place to live. The area is one of the major tourist attractions in London, especially since the hit film Notting Hill immortalised it on celluloid. The southern stretch of Portobello Road, and the area around Westbourne Grove, is known for its large range of antiques dealers. Although many of the shops sell bric-a-brac aimed at the tourists, there are also high-end antiques galleries catering to serious collectors. There are also many specialist antique dealers located in arcades off of Portobello Road. Although most of the shops are open all week, the best day for antiques shopping is Saturday, when there are also many more market stalls lining the street. Further north along Portobello Road there are other sections of the market which sell food, clothes, jewellery and various other goods. Although different parts of the market are open on different days of the week, there is always a buzz and plenty to see and do in the area. Portobello Road is easily accessible from the tube stations of Notting Hill Gate and Ladbroke Grove, in West London. For more information visit http://www.portobellomarket.org/

REPORTED SPEECH (2)

lunes, 21 de marzo de 2011

REPORTED SPEECH

http://www.malhatlantica.pt/lestrangeiras_esag/english%20page/reportedspeech_exercises.pdf

http://ies1libertas.edu.gva.es/departamentos/ingles/PDFs/segundob/erepspch2b1.pdf

http://bachiller.sabuco.com/ingles/eloy/1bach/reported.pdf

http://english4bachillerato.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reportedspeech_Selectividad1(%2Banswers).pdf

http://www.welcometoenglishandfun.com/grammar/pdf/ReportedSpeech.pdf

http://www.stlcc.edu/Student_Resources/Academic_Resources/Writing_Resources/Grammar_Handouts/reported_speech.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/generalgrammar/reportedspeech.pdf

http://www.gymmuenchenstein.ch/vonDach/Klassen/MW/English/Grammar%20Project/Reported%20Speech%20exercise.pdf

http://itac.glp.net/uganda_ptc/Language%20Education/pdfs/unit15.pdf

http://www.maristasjaen.es/declase/101118_ing2b-t02_Reported%20speech%20exercises.pdf

http://www.essm.pt/apoio/reported_speech_sentences_and_text.pdf

http://www.moussu.net/courses/english106i_2/materials/ReportedSpeech.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode26/languagepoint.pdf

domingo, 20 de marzo de 2011

SPORTS

sábado, 19 de marzo de 2011

MOTHER

Mother do you think they'll drop the bomb
Mother do you think they'll like the song
Mother do you think they'll try to break my balls
Ooooh aah, Mother should I build a wall
Mother should I run for president
Mother should I trust the government
Mother will they put me in the firing line
Ooooh aah, is it just a waste of time *
Hush now baby don't you cry
Mama's gonna make all of your
Nightmares come true
Mama's gonna put all of her fears into you
Mama's gonna keep you right here
Under her wing
she won't let you fly but she might let you sing
Mama will keep baby cosy and warm
Ooooh Babe Ooooh Babe Ooooh Babe
Of course Mama's gonna help build the wall

Mother do think she's good enough for me
Mother do think she's dangerous to me
Mother will she tear your little boy apart
Oooh aah, mother will she break my heart
Hush now baby, baby don't you cry
Mama's gonna check out all your girl friends for you
Mama won't let anyone dirty get through
Mama's gonna wait up till you come in
Mama will always find out where
You've been
Mamma's gonna keep baby healthy and clean
Ooooh Babe Ooooh Babe Ooooh Babe
You'll always be a baby to me
Mother, did it need to be so high.

SITTING ON A FENCE

Since I was young I've been very hard to
please
And I don't know wrong from right
But there is one thing I could never
understand
Some of the sick things that a girl does to a
man, so

I'm just sittin' on a fence
You can say I got no sense
Trying to make up my mind
Really is too horrifying
So I'm sittin on a fence

All of my friends at school grew up and
settled down
And they mortgaged up their lives
One things not said too much, but I think
it's true
They just get married cause there's nothing
else to do, so

I'm just sittin' on a fence
You can say i got no sense
Trying to make up my mind
Really is
So I'm sittin on a fence

I'm just sittin' on a fence
You can say I got no sense
Trying to make up my mind
Really is too horrifying
So I'm sittin on a fence

The day can come when you get old and
sick and tired of life
You just never realize
Maybe the choice you made wasn't really
right
But you go out and you don't come back
at night, so

I'm just sittin' on a fence
You can say I got no sense
Trying to make up my mind
Really is too hard I find
So I'm sittin on a fence

SITTING ON A FENCE: Fig. not to take sides in a dispute; not to make a clear choice between two possibilities. (Fig. on the image of someone straddling a fence, representing indecision.)

viernes, 18 de marzo de 2011

MORE ABOUT PHONETICS

Turn your text into fənɛ́tɪks here

Type IPA phonetic symbols for English here

Index of transcription exercises here

THE SOUNDS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

https://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/main/english

BUNGHOLE OF THE WEEK: LOCK, STOCK, AND BARREL

This phrase, meaning 'completely' or 'thoroughly', is another phrase originally referring to firearms. In this case, it refers to the three major parts of a musket, the firing mechanism or lock, the stock which rests against the shoulder, and the barrel. The phrase was originally reversed, first appearing in an 1817 letter by Sir Walter Scott as stock, lock, and barrel:

Like the High-landman’s gun, she wants stock, lock, and barrel, to put her into repair.

The current sequence dates to 1842 in William T. Thompson’s Major Jones’s Courtship:

All moved, lock, stock, and barrel.

(Source: Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition)
from: http://www.wordorigins.org/

jueves, 17 de marzo de 2011

CHEAP FLIGHTS!

martes, 15 de marzo de 2011

COMMON MISTAKES MADE BY SPANISH SPEAKERS DUE TO DIRECT TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH

domingo, 13 de marzo de 2011

DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?

viernes, 11 de marzo de 2011

A THOUSAND KISSES DEEP

"You came to me this morning
And you handled me like meat
You’d have to be a man to know
How good that feels, how sweet

My mirror twin, my next of kin
I’d know you in my sleep
And who but you would take me in
A thousand kisses deep

I loved you when you opened
Like a lily to the heat
You see I’m just another snowman
Standing in the rain and sleet

Who loved you with his frozen love
His secondhand physique
With all he is and all he was
A thousand kisses deep

I know you had to lie to me
I know you had to cheat
To pose all hot and high
Behind the veils of sheer deceit

Our perfect porn aristocrat
So elegant and cheap
I’m old but I'm still into that
A thousand kisses deep

I’m good at love, I’m good at hate
It’s in between I freeze
Been working out but it’s too late
(It’s been too late for years)

But you look good, you really do
They love you on the street
If you were here I’d kneel for you
A thousand kisses deep

The autumn moved across your skin
Got something in my eye
A light that doesn’t need to live
And doesn’t need to die

A riddle in the book of love
Obscure and obsolete
And witnessed here in time and blood
A thousand kisses deep

But I’m still working with the wine
Still dancing cheek to cheek
The band is playing ‘Auld Lang Syne’
But the heart will not retreat

I ran with Diz, I sang with Ray
I never had their sweet
But once or twice they let me play
A thousand kisses deep

I loved you when you opened
Like a lily to the heat
You see I’m just another snowman
Standing in the rain and sleet

Who loved you with his frozen love
His secondhand physique
With all he is and all he was
A thousand kisses deep

But you don’t need to hear me now
And every word I speak
It counts against me anyhow
A thousand kisses deep"

FINAL SPEECH OF 'THE GREAT DICTATOR' BY CHARLIE CHAPLIN

General Schulz: Speak - it is our only hope.

The Jewish Barber (Charlie Chaplin): I'm sorry but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible; Jew, Gentile, black men, white. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each others' happiness, not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone. And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone. The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way.

Greed has poisoned men's souls; has barricaded the world with hate; has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge as made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost. The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in man; cries out for universal brotherhood; for the unity of us all.

Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world, millions of despairing men, women, and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say "Do not despair." The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed, the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.

Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you and enslave you; who regiment your lives, tell you what to do, what to think and what to feel! Who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder! Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men---machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have a love of humanity in your hearts! You don't hate! Only the unloved hate; the unloved and the unnatural.

Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St. Luke, it’s written “the kingdom of God is within man”, not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy, let us use that power.

Let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a chance to work, that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfill their promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfill that promise! Let us fight to free the world! To do away with national barriers! To do away with greed, with hate and intolerance! Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men’s happiness.

Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us all unite!

[Huge hurray from the huge crowd – scene changes to Hanna (Paulette Goddard) a refugee on the floor with eyes still in tears from having been beaten down by the Dictator’s soldiers. Romantic string music in the background. Hanna’s beautiful face and eyes are in awe as to how her Jewish barber friend who was imprisoned by the Dictator’s troops is not speaking as the Great Dictator!]

Hanna, can you hear me? Wherever you are, look up Hanna! The clouds are lifting! The sun is breaking through! We are coming out of the darkness into the light! We are coming into a new world; a kind new world, where men will rise above their hate, their greed, and brutality. Look up, Hanna! The soul of man has been given wings and at last he is beginning to fly. He is flying into the rainbow. Into the light of hope! Into the future! The glorious future! That belongs to you, to me, and to all of us. Look up, Hanna! Look up!

Hanna's Father: Hanna! Did you hear that?

Hanna: Listen! [as her great acting and incredible cinematography turns her face into a goddess as the music takes the movie to conclusion.]

INFINITIVES, GERUNDS & PARTICIPLES

1. Arrange the words under the lines into sentences. Add necessary words.

Woman: easy/ be honest/isn't/. - I/begin/don't/know how/. - don't want/hurt you/I/. -

afraid/say this/I'm/.

" No, no! tell you/is/wrong/. - not/better/know/it's.

Man: But impossible/go on this way/is/. - any longer/wait/refuse/I/. - find out/ intend/I/!

2. Write to or X (no word) in each blank.

Woman: Oh, darling, you must______________believe me! I could never _________love anyone else but you.

Man: Linda, I'm sorry ______ have _____ say this, but I can't ______ believe you any more. You used ____ be here ._____ in my arms _______ every night. Now I'm lucky ______ see you once a week. I drove around all night_____find уou I must______know the truth! I'll______do anything know!

W.: What are you trying _________ say? You don't really

_________think that I'm seeing another man, do you?

M.: I don't ________ know any more. I'm too confused ______think. I just needed______know ...

W.: It ... it's hard______tell you this, but ... Are you ready ______ hear everything? You'd better ______ sit down. There's so much_______say ...

3. Complete the following sentences with the past simple or the present perfect of the infinitives given in brackets.

A. 1. You (to read) "Oliver Twist"?

2. You (to read) it last year?

3. Peter already (to leave)

4. He (to leave) an hour ago..

5. Mother (to buy) a new bag.

6. She (to buy) it the other day.

7. We (to cross) the bridge early this morning

8. We never (to cross) it before

9. You (to find) it?

10. When you (to find) the key?

11. I (to hear) these records.

12. I (to hear) them last year.

B. 1. The artist (to draw) lots of pictures last year.

2. They (not to plant) the young apple-tree yet.

3. What he (to say) when you told him about our success?

4. You (to meet) them last week?.

5. He already (to finish) his homework.

6. Tom (see) us at the theatre the other day.

7. You (to be) here since autumn?

8. Ruta (to show) good results in her work

9. She (to work) here for three years.

10. The boys often (to play) together when they were small.

11. Comrade Ozols (to teach) you chemistry last year?

12. He never (to tell) us stories.

13. Aina already (to come)?

14. We (to post) several letters today.

15. Tom (to bring) some interesting photographs last time.

C. 1. Harry (to make) a rocket model.

2. When I (to go) to the seaside I (to take) the newspapers with me.

3. You ever (to draw) a watercolour?

4. Mother already (to hear) the latest news?

5. They (to sing) any English songs at the party last Saturday?

6. I hope you (to get) the tickets.

7. Our penfriends (not to write) to us since last month

8. You (to feel) like that before!

9. We (not to go) to the cinema yesterday.

10. We (to listen) to everything Father said at breakfast.

11. He (not to eat) anything since morning.

12. You (to know) each other long?

13. If you (to do) everything, you will be allowed to go.

14. They (to build) that house last year?

15. We (to pay) the rent this month.

4 Use the present perfect instead of the past simple, changing the adverbial modifiers accordingly.

I. Did Andris Roze become a doctor in 1969?

2. Three months ago Tom went to work in a laboratory.

3. We heard the broadcast the other day

4. I saw Helen walking to the bank the day before.

5. Ivan graduated from the institute five years ago.

6. She tidied her room this morning.

7. Martin put on his blue sweater when he went skiing

8. I didn't buy any sweets yesterday.

5. Use the correct form of the verb in parentheses in each of the following sentences.

1. The teacher made Juan_________(leave) the room.

2. Toshiko had her car__________(repair) by a mechanic.

3. Ellen got Maria--------------(type) her paper.

4. I made Jane________(call) her friend on the telephone.

5. We got our house_______(paint) last week.

6. Dr. Byrol is having the students _______ (write) a composition.

7. The policeman made the suspect _________ (lie) on the ground.

8. Mark got his transcripts __________ (send) to the university.

9. Marie is getting her hair_______(cut) tomorrow.

10. We will have to get the Dean_____(sign) this form.

11. The teacher let Al_____(leave) the classroom.

12. Maria got Ed_______(wash) the pipettes.

13. She always has her car____(fix) by the same mechanic.

14. Gene got his book ________ (publish) by a subsidiary publisher.

15. We have to help Janet____________(find) her keys.

6. Put in the correct forms of the verbs.

ONE CUBE OR TWO?

When we were at school as children we were (make)/wear) … indoor shoes inside the school building. The teachers would never (let us/wear) ... our outdoor shoes at all and they (make us/change) ... in the changing rooms from the moment we entered the building. I'd never known teachers (be) ... more strict about any other school rule. The trouble was that my indoor shoes really (make me/suffer)... because they were so tight. ("Let/expand) ... our shoes!" a fellow sufferer suggested. He had had a brilliant idea. We put plastic bags inside our shoes and poured water into the bags. We sealed the bags carefully and put our shoes into the freezer. Of course the ice (make the shoes/expand) ... and they were a pleasure to wear. This clever idea (help me/get) ... through my schooldays with less discomfort and I have never forgotten it.

7. Join or rewrite the sentences below using the words given.

1. I found this book. The librarian helped me. The librarian ...............

2. I have to fill in this job application form. Can you help me? Can you ............

3. You mustn't worry so much. I can help you. I can help ............

4. People know him to be a very generous man. He ............

5. He's a ruthless businessman. He is known for that. He's known............

6. She's never on time. I've never known .........

8. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets.

1. He made me (do) it all over again.

2. She can (sing) quite well.

3. He will be able (swim) very soon.

4. I used (live) in a caravan.

5. You ought (go) today. It may (rain) tomorrow.

6. You needn't (say) anything. Just nod your head and he will (understand).

7. I want (see) the house where our president was born.

8. He made her (repeat) the message.

9. May I (use) your phone?

10. You needn't (ask) for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like.

11. If you want (get) there before dark you should (start) at once.

12. I couldn't (remember) his address.

13. You'll be able (do) it yourself when you are older.

14. Would you like (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end?

15. They won't let us (leave) the Customs shed till our luggage has been examined.

16. How dare you (open) my letters!

17. He didn't dare (argue) with his boss.

18. I used (smoke) forty cigarettes a day.

19. Will you help me (move) the bookcase?

20. He wouldn't let my baby (play) with his gold watch.

21. They refused (accept) the bribe.

22. He is expected (arrive) in a few days.

23. Please let me (know) your decision as soon as possible.

24. He made us (wait) for hours.

25. Could you (tell) me the time, please?

26. We must (send) him a telegram.

27. I let him (go) early as he wanted (meet) his wife.

28. Where would you like (have) lunch?

29. You can (leave) your dog with us if you don't (want) (take) him with you.

30. I'd like him (go) to a university but I can't (make) him (go).

31. We could (go) to a concert, unless you'd prefer (visit) a museum.

32. You seem (know) this area very well.~ Yes, I used ( live) here.

33. The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn't dare (disobey).

34. Need I (come)? I'd much rather (stay) at home.

35. You can (take) a horse to water but you can't (make) him (drink), (proverty)

36. I'm sorry (disappoint) you but I can't (let) you (have) any more money till the end of the month

9. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. (In some of the sentences a present participle could be used instead of an infinitive. These alternatives will be noted in the key.)

1. It is easy (be) wise after the event.

2. Do you (wish) (make) a complaint?

3. We don't (want) anybody (know) that we are here.

4 If you can't (remember) his number you'd better (look) it up

5 I want her (learn) Esperanto, I think everybody ought to (know) it.

6. He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country.

7. Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals.

8. Could I (see) Mr Pitt, please?- I'm afraid Mr Pitt isn't in. Would you like (speak) to his secretary?

9. It's better (travel) hopefully than (arrive), (proverb)

10. He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn't you had better (show) him.

11. He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt.

12. I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor.

13. He tried (make) me (believe) that he was my stepbrother

14. As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house.

15 I felt the house (shake) with the explosion.

16. He told me (try) (come) early.

17. Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen.

18. Would you (like) (come) in my car? ~ No, thanks, I'd rather (walk).

19. I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off.

20. It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) it under your bed in an old stocking.

21. He doesn't even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them.

22. The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them ho\\ (open) the safe.

23. If you knew he was wrong, why didn't you (say) something? ~ I didn't like (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him.

24. It's better (be) sure than sorry.

25. What do you (want) me (tell) him? ~ Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be

delighted (discuss) the matter with him.

26. Did you remember (give) him the money? ~ No, I didn't, I still have it in my pocket; but I'll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time.

27. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes.

28. That is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you.

29. I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (handle) firearms.

30. I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames.

31. There is nothing (do) but (wait) till somebody comes (let) us out.

32. He heard a rooster (crow) in a neighbouring village.

33. You may as well (tell) us the truth. It will (be) easy (check) your story

34. The American said he had seen nine presidents (come) and (go). ~ He must (be) a very old man.

35. It is up to you (learn) the laws of your own country.

36. Would you rather (be) more stupid than you look or (look) more stupid than you are?

10. In each of the following pairs of sentences an infinitive used in the first sentence is repeated in the second. Read the sentences, expressing this second infinitive by to only. Note that where the second infinitive has an object, this word/phrase must be omitted.

Why didn't you tell me truth the first time? ~ I meant to tell you the truth but I was too frightened.

I meant to but I was too frightened.

1. Did you visit the Pyramids? ~ No, I wanted to visit them but there wasn't time.

2. Why do you wear dark glasses? ~ I have to wear them; I have weak eyes.

3. Do you smoke? ~ No, I used to smoke but I don't now.

4. Would you like to go to the theatre tonight? Yes, I'd love to go to the theatre.

5. Why didn't you pay the bill for him? ~ I offered to pay it but he refused.

6. Have you put the car in the garage? ~ No, but I'm just going to put it there.

7. I want you two to apologize to each other. ~ Well, I am willing to apologize if he apologizes first.

8. Did you reserve seats on the train? ~ No, I tried to reserve them but they had all been booked already.

9. Did you answer the letter? ~ No, I intended to answer it but I'm afraid I forgot.

10. Why didn't you hit him? I was afraid to hit him.

11. I'd love to spend a night in a haunted room. ~ I'd hate to spend a night in a haunted room.

12. Why didn't you ask your father for the money? ~ I didn't like to ask him.

13. Did you get a chance to fly the aeroplane yourself? ~ No, I wanted to fly it but the pilot wouldn't let me.

14. Why doesn't he punish his boys when they disobey him? ~ He often threatens to punish them but he never actually does so

15. Why didn't he repair the car himself? ~ He wasn't able to repair it.

16. I used to drink whisky with my meals. ~ I used to drink whisky with my meals also but I don't now.

17. Did you buy sausages? ~ No, I meant to buy them but I forgot.

18. Why doesn't he try again? ~ He doesn't want to try again.

19. You should visit the Prado when you are in Madrid. ~ Yes, I intend to visit it.

20. Why doesn't he play games? ~ His mother doesn't want him to play games.

21. You ought to stop work now. ~ Yes, I am just going to stop.

22. Why do some jockeys carry extra weights? ~ They are obliged to carry them by the regulations.

23. Did he help you? ~ No, I asked him to help me but he said he hadn't time.

24. You should have thanked her before you left. ~ I meant to thank her but when I was going I couldn't find her anywhere.

25. Why did she put parsley in the soup? ~ I told her to put it in.

26. Why didn't he report it to the police? ~ He was afraid to report it. He didn't think they'd believe him.

27. Why did he drive so fast? ~ He had to drive fast; otherwise he'd have missed his train.

28. You used to like rice pudding. ~ Yes, I know I used to like it but I don't now.

29. Why didn't you buy the car? ~ I was advised not to buy it.

30. I hope the children won't go near the water. ~ I warned them not to go near it.

31. Why are we trying to get planning permission? ~ We have to get planning permission. It is the law.

32. I meant to work hard. ~ I know you meant to work hard but you didn't.

33. Do the boys tidy their own rooms? ~ They are supposed to tidy them but they don't always.

34. Why didn't he call the police? ~ He wasn't able to call them. His telephone line had been cut.

35. Why did you move your car? ~ The policeman told me to move it.

36. Why did you bring your mother-in-law? I particularly asked you not to bring her.

11. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using tool enough with infinitive.

It is very cold. We can't go out. = It is too cold for us to go out.

He is strong. He can carry it.= He is strong enough to carry it.

Rewrite numbers 3, 20, and 35 using so ... as with infinitive. (enough with infinitive could also be used here, while so ... as could replace enough in numbers 9, 24, and 29. These alternatives are given in the key.)

1. You are very young. You can't have a front-door key.

2. It is very cold. We can't bathe.

3. Would you be very kind and answer this letter by return?

4. I am rather old. I can't wear that kind of hat.

5. The ladder wasn't very long. It didn't reach the window.

6. He hadn't much money. He couldn't live on it. (Omit it.)

7. He was furious. He couldn't speak.

8. The fire isn't very hot. It won't boil a kettle.

9. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.

10. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.

11. He is very ill. He can't eat anything.

12. Our new car is very wide. It won't get through those gates.

13. The floor wasn't strong. We couldn't dance on it. (Omit it.)

14. I was terrified. I couldn't move.

15. The bull isn't big. He couldn't harm you.

16. The coffee isn't strong. It won't keep us awake.

17. The river is deep. We can't wade it (Omit it.)

18. He is lazy. He won't get up early.

19. He won't get up early so he never catches the fast train.

20. Would you be very good and forward my letters while I am away?

21. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (Omit it.)

22. He was very drunk. He couldn't answer my question.

23. It is very cold. We can't have breakfast in the garden.

24. He was extremely rash. He set off up the mountain in a thick fog.

25. We aren't very high. We can't see the summit.

26. You aren't very old. You can't understand these things.

27. He was very snobbish. He wouldn't talk to any of us.

28. The package is very thick. I can't push it through the letterbox. (Omit it.)

29. She was very mean. She never gave to charity.

30. He is very impatient. He never listens to anyone.

31. I was very tired. I couldn't walk any further.

32. It's not very dark. We can't see the stars clearly.

33. It was very hot. You could fry an egg on the pavement.

34. The oranges were very bitter. We couldn't eat them. (Omit them.)

35. Would you be very kind and turn down the radio a little?

36. He is very selfish. He wouldn't put himself out for anyone.

12. Replace the group of words by an infinitive or an infinitive construction.

It is important that he should understand this. It is important for him to understand this. He was the first man who arrived. He was the first man to arrive.

1. The captain was the last man who left the ship.

2. He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first.

3. The committee have decided to send you to Paris. (You (go) to Paris, omit The committee have decided to send.)

4. Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?

5. There are a lot of sheets that need mending.

6. I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.

7. It is better that he should hear it from you.

8. I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid ...)

9. If he had another child with whom he could play he would be happier.

10. It is necessary that everyone should know the truth.

11. There was no place where we could sit.

12. He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn't there.

13. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave ...)

14. I can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.

15. // is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is expected ...)

16. I want a kitchen where (=in which) I can cook.

17. He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left.

18. Haven't you anything with which you could open it?

19. It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man (The crime seems ... Use perfect infinitive passive.)

20. Is it likely that he will arrive before six? (Is he ...)

21. I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.

22. This is the plan: someone will meet you at the station ... (You .. be met) at the station)

23. She is anxious that they should have every possible advantage.

24. It is said that he was a brilliant scientist. (He is said ...)

25. The strikers decided that the strike should continue.

26. Would you be very kind and translate this for me?

27. It is advisable that we should leave the house separately.

28. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid. (It was stupid ...)

29. It is said that she has a frightful temper. (She...)

30. He was the first man who swam the Channel.

31. They believe that he is honest. (He ...)

32. It appears that he was killed with a blunt instrument. (He appears ... Use passive infinitive.)

33. He was the only one who realized the danger.

34. It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth ...)

35. He took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he discovered that that tyre was also punctured.

36. It is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house.

13. Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics with the appropriate auxiliary verb. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated, but their meaning should be expressed by the auxiliary + perfect infinitive.

It is possible that he telephoned while we were out. He may have telephoned while we were out.

You (thank) him for his present but you didn't. You should have thanked him for his present.

1. I realized that my house was on fire.~ That (be) a terrible moment.

2. I saw a ghost last night. ~ You (not see) a ghost; there aren't any ghosts. You (dream) it.

3. It is possible that a child broke the window.

4. You carried it yourself, which was not necessary.

5. I've had a toothache for two days. ~ You (go) to the dentist when it started.

6. There (be) motorcycle races on the sands but as it is so wet they have been cancelled. 7. As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me. ~ It (not be) my dog; he was with me all day. It (be) my brother's dog.

8. I feel terribly ill today. ~ You (not eat) those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't

agree with you.

9. I wonder why he didn't answer? ~ Possibly he didn't understand the question.

10. I gave him a tip, which was not necessary.

11. The prisoner (escape) this way, for here are his footprints.

12. You lied to him, which was wrong.

13. I didn't recognize the voice at the other end of the line. ~ It (be) my elder sister; she is often at home at that time. It (not be) my youngest sister as she is abroad.

14. Someone (cook) a meal here lately; the stove is still hot.

15. I've brought my own sandwiches. ~ You (not bring) them. I have enough for two.

16. The burglar went straight to the safe although It was hidden behind a picture. ~ Someone (tell) him where it was.

17. The president (unveil) the statue, but he is ill so his wife is doing it instead.

18. The plane is late; I wonder what has happened? ~ Possibly it was delayed by fog.

19. I have never met him. ~ You (meet) him; he lives next door to you.

20. I (do) it. (It was my duty to do it, but I didn't.)

21. He (not catch) the 9.20 train because he didn't leave home till 9.25.

22. I opened it, which was unnecessary.

23. The police were here while we were out. ~ Someone (betray) us.

24. I drove at 80 miles an hour, which was wrong.

25. When I was your age I (climb) that mountain, (but I didn't).

26. If a policeman had seen me climbing through your window he (ask) me what I was doing.

27. He said that censorship of news was ridiculous and it (abolish) years ago. (passive verb)

28. You boiled so many eggs; but there are only four of us.

29. She (play) the chief part in the film, but she quarrelled with the director, so he engaged someone else.

30. This poem (be) written by Keats, but I am not certain.

31. He (take) off his hat in the theatre, (but he didn't).

32. People used to walk twenty miles to do their shopping. ~ They (have) a lot of energy in those days.

33. One day he went for a walk up a mountain and never came back. ~ He (fall) over a precipice.

34. I just pressed lightly on the pane and my hand went through. ~ The glass (be) very thin.

35. You translated it into French, which wasn't necessary.

36. You looked at the new moon through glass. It is most unlucky.

14. Instructions: as for exercise 13, but where two verbs in italics are placed side by side, put the second verb into the perfect infinitive and the first into an appropriate tense.

This palace (say) (build) in three years.

This palace is said to have been built in three years.

1. She (marry) my brother but she was killed in a plane crash a month before the wedding date.

2. You repeated it, which was unnecessary.

3. There (seem) (be) a fight here. Everything is smashed to bits.

4. We (set) out today, but the weather is so bad that we decided to postpone our start till tomorrow.

5. I thought they were mushrooms. ~ You (not eat) them unless you were sure. They (be) poisonous.

6. He learnt the language in six months. ~ He (work) very hard.

7. I brought my umbrella, which was unnecessary.

8. I (like) (bathe) but there wasn't time.

9. I've forgotten the address. I (write) it down (but I didn't).

10. If I'd known your house was so cold I (not come).

11. You (tell) me you were going camping! If I'd known I (go) with you. ~ But it rained all the time. You (not like) that, would you?

12. Who gave you my address? ~ I don't remember. It (be) Tom. ~ It (not be) Tom; he doesn't know it.

13. You bought flowers but we have plenty in the garden.

14. After two years of his teaching she knew absolutely nothing. ~ He (not be) a good teacher.

15. My sister has just come back from abroad. She (seem) (enjoy) her trip very much. 16. Life (be) very uncomfortable in the Stone Age.

17. You (stand) still when you were being photographed, (but you didn't).

18. I (go) to a foreign university but the war prevented it.

19. I (like) (photograph) it but I had no more film.

20. There (be) a bad accident here. Look at all the broken glass.

21. It is possible that prehistoric cave drawings were connected with religion.

22. I have been driving for 20 years. ~ You (not drive) for 20 years. You are only 30 now.

23. It (take) years to dig the Suez Canal.

24. He walked past me without speaking. ~ He (not recognize) you. He is very short-sighted.

25. I (like) (go) to the match but the tickets were all sold.

26. He says he saw you at the theatre yesterday. ~ He (not see) me. I wasn't there.

27. This picture may be a fake; on the other hand it (be) painted by one of the Dutch masters.

28. It is possible that the fire in the ship was started by a bomb.

29. She walked 300 miles, carrying her child. ~ She (have) great courage.

30. It is possible that he (read) it in papers. ~ He (not read) it. He can't read. Someone (tell) him.

31. I told them to meet me under the clock but they didn't turn up. Perhaps they were

waiting under the wrong clock. There are two in the station.

32. He told me his name was Johnson. ~ You (mishear) him. His name is Jones.

33. I said that I couldn't find my pen and he said that perhaps somebody had borrowed it.

34. I (like) (ask) a question but I was sitting so far back that I didn't think I'd be heard. 35. There (be) a fort here at one time. You can see where the foundations were.

36. The dinosaur (be said) (be) rather a stupid animal.

15. Fill in the blanks using gerund and prepositions.

1. Alice isn't interested in (look)__________for a new job.

2. Henry is excited (leave)______________for India.

3. You are capable (do)_________________a better job.

4. I have no excuse (be)_________late.

5. I'm accustomed (have)__________a big breakfast.

6. The rain prevented us (complete)________the work.

7. Fred is always complaining (have)_______a headache.

8. Instead (study) _______, Margaret went to a ball game with some of her friends.

9. Thank you (help)_______me carry the packages to the post office.

10. Mrs Grant insisted (know)_______the whole truth.

11. He showed us how to get to his house (draw)________ a map.

12. You should take advantage (go, not)_____to class yesterday.

13. Everyone in the neighbourhood participated (look) ____ for the lost child.

14. I apologized to Diane (make)________her wait for me.

15. The weather is terrible tonight. I don't blame you (want, not)__________to go to the meeting

16. Who is responsible (wash) ________ and (dry) ______ the dishes after dinner?

17. In addition (go) ________ school full time, Sam has a part-time job.

18. The angry look on his face stopped me (speak) _______ my mind.

19. Where should we go for dinner tonight? Would you object (go)____________to an Italian restaurant?

20. The mayor made another public statement for the purpose (clarify)___________the new tax proposal.

21. The thief was accused (steal) ____________ a woman's purse.

22. The jury found Mr. Adams guilty (take) _________ money from the company he worked for and (keep) __________ it for himself.

23. Bill isn't used (wear)__________a suit tie every day.

16. Finish the sentences.

1. Ken went to bed instead of finishing his work, (finish).

2. I thanked her________(lend).

3. I'm excited_________(go).

4. I'm not accustomed__________(live).

5. He didn't feel well. He complained_______(have).

6. I don't blame you__________(want, not).

7. I have a good reason_______(be).

8. It's getting late. I'm worried______(miss).

9. I'm interested_____(go).

10. I apologized to my friend______________(be).

11. I am/am not used________________(drive).

12. Nothing can stop me____________________(go).

13. In that office, who is responsible_____________(take care of).

17. Finish the sentences using by+gerund phrase.

1. Pat turned off the tape recorder________.

2. We show people we are happy__________

3. We decided who should get the last piece of pie________

4. I found out what "quench" means____

5. Tony improved his listening comprehension skills

6. Alex caught my attention_________

7. They got rid of the rats in the building___

8. My dog shows me she is happy____

9. He accidentally electrocuted himself_____.

18. Make up sentences using gerund.

1. I'm tired-discuss grades with my friend because talk-grades-be boring

2. Sometimes pupils don't like-go-school »» they-afraid-write-a test

3. I don't think-copy your homework from there-danger-copy a friend-always-good idea »» something wrong

4. Some pupils don't enjoy play- football »» they hate-run-after a ball

5. I've started-learn-another foreign language »» speak-several languages fun

19. Complete the sentences with gerund

1. The night after Brucel's concert, Maureen (dream/go) to another concert at the Garden.

2. It upsets Mr Mitchell when Marvin (talk/drop) out of school.

3. Some of Ellrod's friends aren't very good at school, but they (be good/play) music and basketball.

4. At the beginning Tommy was so confident that he (not think/apologize) to Deblie.

5. After the chieftains had won some games again, Steve (be proud/be) captain.

6. Long before the Europeans came to America, many Indian tribes (be good/farm) the land.

20. Write the verb phrase in the appropriate tense putting the two verbs in parentheses in correct order, include gerund.

Martin was pleased when his American friend, Keith, invited him to a dinner party on Friday night. Immediately, he _____ (plan, begin) for the party. He_______(bring, like) gifts to people, so he asked his roommate Kevin, for suggestion. Kevin _________ (take, suggest) a bottle of wine. But Martin didn't drink wine, so he bought Keith a new stereo cassette player for his car. Kevin_______(advise, wear) casual clothes to the party, but Martin________(prefer, wear) his best suit & tie. When Friday night arrived, Martin__________(start, get).

21. Complete the sentences with the missing particles or . ' prepositions and gerund. Choose from these verbs:

get, take, be, send, try, give, buy, do.

It is February 14. Michael has received flowers. The card says "From a Secret Admirer."

M.: (to himself) Red roses! There're beautiful! I bet they're from Janet. It's so nice of her to think_____________________ flowers on Valentine's Day. I'll call her. (He dials Janet's number. The phone rings.)

I.: Hello.

M.: Hi, Janet. It's Mike. I just wanted to thank you_______ so romantic. I've often dreamed _______________ roses from a woman. I can always count_____your_______something nice.

I.: Roses? I ... uh ... don't believe_______men gifts. I object ________ women _________the first step in a relationship. (She hangs up.)

M.: (to himself) Hmmm ... she doesn't admit _________the flowers. Then who sent them? I can't give____to find out. (He dials the phone. A woman answers it.)

M.: Hello, Betty. It's Mike. I just wanted to thank you for the flowers......

22. Complete the sentences with the missing preposition and gerunds. Use the verb in parentheses.

Children are always happy___________ (celebrate) holidays, but most American children get especially excited _______ (get) ready for Halloween. Every year in October, children, who usually hate to go to the market begin to get interested ________ (shop). They are eager to pick out a costume and a pumpkin. Adults who are good ____________ (carve) pumpkins cut happy or sad faces in them. With lighted candles in them, the pumpkins become Jack - O' - lanterns, symbols of Halloween. g On October 31, children go trick — or — treating. They clever seem to get tired______(run) from house to house to fill their bags with candy. Little children are sometimes afraid ______(go) out on Halloween because of the ghosts and monsters on the streets. Their parents are often worried_____(save) their children's teeth from all those sweets.

23. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of a suitable verb.

1. The newspaper's financial editor advised his reader not to buy speculative snares unless they were prepared to risk ... their money.

2. This room will look very cheerful once you're finished ... it

3. I wish you wouldn't keep ... me what I already know all too well.

4. It is difficult to see how the company can avoid ... another loss this year.

5. It was so ridiculous that I couldn't resist ... outright.

6. The secretary asked if I would mind ... for a few minutes.

7. The way to learn a language is to practise ... it as often as possible.

8. Everyone said how much they had enjoyed ... to the speech.

9. When you've finished the book you can tell me if it's worth ...

10. He was very lucky to escape ... (passive) to prison.

11. You should stop ... about the examinations. „

12. She was so upset that she couldn't help ...

13. The job will entail your ... to different parts of the country, often at short notice.

14. The teacher said he wouldn't tolerate my ... late every day.

15. The question is so trivial, it hardly justifies our ... up any more time discussing it.

24. Complete the sentences using the gerund form of a suitable verb. To functions as a preposition in every case. Note that the "perfect" form is required in some sentences.

1. The Prime Minister said he was looking forward to ... the US President.

2. He should be accustomed by now to ... English food

3. The policeman couldn't swear to ... the accused man at the scene of the crime.

4. Do you think your father would object to ... ?

5. He said he wasn't used to ... in public.

6. Having almost run out of money we were reduced to ... in a cheap hotel.

7. He tried to limit himself to ... ten cigarettes a day.

8. Manufacturers were asked to devote all their energies to ... exports.

9. We aren't going. My wife doesn't feel like to so far.

10. The committee could see no alternative to ... thee plan in its original form.

25. For each of the following sentences write -another sentence as similar as possible in meaning using the verb in brackets together with a preposition and gerund.

1. The customer said that the cashier had tried to overcharge her (accuse).

2. Many people pass their driving test only at the second attempt (succeed).

3. Concert-goes are asked not to smoke in the auditorium (refrain).

4. The solicitor talked his client out of taking leg al action (dissuade).

5. If a customer gets poor service, you can't say it 's wrong of him to make a fuss (blame).

6. The hijackers wouldn't let the passengers leave the plane (prevent).

7. The student said he was sorry that he had missed the previous lesson (apologize).

8. Visitors to the Zoo are not allowed to feed the animals (prohibit)

9. Despite my obvious lack of interest the party bone said he had to tell me the rest of his story, (insists).

10. The police think that the owner of the store started the fire himself (suspect).

26. Complete the sentences using gerunds.

1. My doctor advised me to give up ...

2. We had to put off ...

3. That company specializes in ...

4. The judge was accused of ...

5. Many people get a great deal of satisfaction from ...

6. I told him not to bother about ...

7. The teacher decided against ...

8. On ... he took off his hat.

9. We asked a solicitor for advice before ...

10. By ... he ran the risk of ...

11. After ... the customer left the shop without ...

12. By ... the student improved his chances of ...

27. Complete the sentences using gerunds.

1. There are many difficulties involved in ...

2. You must be tired of ...

3. The boy was severely reprimanded for ...

4. The public were warned of the dangers of ...

5. He doesn't take any interest in ...

6. You seem to be very fond of ...

7. The soldier was court - martialled for ...

8. Who is responsible for ...?

9. You ought to think about ..., instead of ...

10. This new scheme goes a long way towards ...

11. I would never think of ...

12. They saw no reason for not ...

28. Put the verbs in brackets into a gerund form.

1. He gave up (gamble).

2. Try to avoid (make) him angry.

3. Stop (argue) and star t (work).

4. The children prefer (watch) TV to (read).

5. I am against (make) any complaints.

6. It's no use (cry) over spilt milk, (proverb)

7. I suggest (hold) another meeting next week.

8. He finished (speak) and sat down.'

9. He was fined for (drive) without lights.

10. It is difficult to get used to (eat) with chopsticks.

11. If you can't turn the key try (put) some oil in the lock.

12. He lost no time in (get) down to work.

13. You can't make an omelette without (break) eggs. (proverb)

14. We are looking forward to (read) your new book.

15. They escaped by (slide) down ropes made of blankets.

16. They don't allow (smoke) in here.

17. He is thinking of (leave) his job and (go) to America.

18. After (read) this article you will give up (smoke).

19. If you put your money into that business you risk (lose) every penny.

20. Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk).

21. Is there anything here worth (buy)?

22. He was accused of (leak) information to the press.

23. You'd better consult your lawyer before (decide) to buy the property.

24. I don't enjoy (go) to the dentist.

25. Would you mind (put) your pet snake somewhere else?

26. The hostages were rescued without a shot (be) fired.

27. By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time.

28. He has a scheme for (make) grass grow in winter.

29. I don't feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead?

30. Would you mind (write) your name and address on the back of the cheque?

31. If a thing is worth (do) at all it is worth (do) well. (proverb)

32. I hate (borrow) money.

33. He was furious at (be) mistaken for an escaped convict.

34. After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there was no danger. 35. I remember (read) a review of that book and (think) I'd like to get it.

36. As a result of (listen) at keyholes he learnt many facts which he had no hesitation in (use) to his own advantage.

29. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

1. I am looking forward to (see) you.

2. He dreads (have) to retire.

3. I arranged (meet) them here.

4. He urged us (work) faster.

5. I wish (see) the manager.

6. It's no use (wait).

7 He warned her (not touch) the wire.

8. Don't forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed.

9. My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it.

10. I can't understand her (behave) like that.

11. He tried (explain) but she refused (listen).

12. At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between the courses.

13. You are expected (know) the safety regulations of the college.

14. He decided (disguise) himself by (dress) as a woman.

15. I am prepared (wait) here all night if necessary.

16. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift?

17. After (walk) for three hours we stopped to let the others (catch up) with us.

18. I am beginning (understand) what you mean.

19. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit.

20. The boys like (play) games but hate (do) lessons.

21. I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused.

22. I couldn't help (overhear) what you said.

23. Mrs Jones: I don't allow (smoke) in my drawing-room. Mrs Smith: I don't allow my family (smoke) at all.

24. He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) "Goodbye".

25. Please go on (write); I don't mind (wait).

26. He wore dark glasses (avoid) (be) recognized.

27. Before (give) evidence you must swear (speak) the truth.

28. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal.

29. Your windows need (clean); would you like me (do) them for you?

30. Would you mind (shut) the window? I hate (sit) m a draught.

31. I can't help (sneeze): I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught.

32. Do stop (talk); I am trying (finish) a letter.

33. His doctor advised him (give up) (jog).

34. My watch keeps (stop).- That's because you keep (forget) (wind) it.

35. Without (realize) it, he hindered us instead of (help) us

36. People used (make) fire by (rub) two sticks together.

30 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

1. He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring)

2. If you go on (let) your dog (chase) cars he'll end by (be) run over

3. I prefer (drive) to (be driven).

4. I advise you (start) (look) for a flat at once.

5. Would you mind (lend) me £5? I forgot (cash) a cheque.

6. (Lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office.

7. She likes her children (go) to the dentist every six months.

8. By (neglect) (take) ordinary precautions he endangered the life of his crew.

9. An instructor is coming (show) us how (use) the aqualung.

10. I have no intention of (go) to that film; I couldn't bear-(see) my favourite actress in such a dreadful part.

11. I suggest (telephone) the hospital before (ask) the police (look) for him.

12. After (hear) the conditions I decided (not enter) for the competition.

13. Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) to the newspapers.

14. He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all.

15. I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble).

16. By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) their present jobs and (work) for him.

17. He postponed (make) a decision till it was too late (do) anything.

18. Imagine (have) (get up) at five a.m. every day!

19. Try (forget) it; it isn't worth (worry) about.

20. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if YOU can't do anything (help) the people who have (stay) there.

21. The horse won't be well enough (run) in tomorrow's race. He doesn't seem (have recovered) from his long journey.

22. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story

again and again.

23. It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to lectures.

24. It wouldn't be safe (start) down now; we'll have (wait) till the mist clears.

25. The police accused him of (set) fire to the building but he denied (have been) in the area on the night of the fire.

26. I left my door open. Why didn't you walk in? ~ I didn't like (go) in when you weren't there.

27. It's much better (go) to a hairdresser than (try) (save) time by (cut) your own hair. 28. I'd rather (earn) my living by (scrub) floors than (make) money by (blackmail) people.

29. After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached) any decision.

30. It's not much use (have) a bicycle if you don't know how (ride) it.

31. He didn't dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him.

32. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him £2.

33. Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe? ~ No, I didn't. I'll go and do it now.

34. Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) that last sentence? 35. I know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time (go)

to the hairdresser's.

36. He made a lot of money by (buy) tickets in advance and (sell) them for twice the price on the day of the match.

37. She rushed out the room without (give) me a chance (explain).

38. He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (tell) him (buy) himself a watch.

39. He has a theory that it is possible (tell) the time in day light by (look) into a cat's eyes.

40. I'd hate (be) beside a volcano when it started (erupt).

31. Put the verbs in brackets into gerund or infinitive.

After like it is sometimes possible to use either gerund or infinitive, but there tends to be a slight difference in implication.

like + gerund usually means "enjoy"; it also usually implies that the action is/was performed:

I like skating = I enjoy skating (and do skate).

like + infinitive has more the meaning of "approve of", "like the idea or habit". In the affirmative it gives no indication as to whether the action is performed or not, and in the negative implies that it is not performed.

I didn't like saying it usually means "I said it, unwillingly", but

I didn't like to say it usually means "I didn't say it" (because it didn't seem right or sensible). The distinction, however, is not rigid. The above notes are, therefore, only guides which may safely be followed.

1. I used (ride) a lot but I haven't had a chance (do) any since (come) here. ~ I ride sometimes. Would you like (come) with me next time?

2. Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it.

3. I resented (be) unjustly accused and asked him (apologize).

4. It isn't good for children (eat) too many sweets.

5. I didn't feel like (work) so I suggested (spend) 'the day in the garden.

6. Why do you keep (look) back? Are you afraid of (be) followed?

7. Do you remember (post) the letter? ~ Yes, I do; I posted it in the letter-box near my gate.

8. Did you remember (lock) the door? ~ No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now.

9. You still have a lot (learn) if you'll forgive my (say) so.

10. It's no use (try) (interrupt) him. You'll have (wait) till he stops (talk).

11. I'm for (do) nothing till the police arrive. They don't like you (move) anything when a crime has been committed.

12. He didn't like (leave) the children alone in the house but he had no alternative as he had (go) out to work.

13. Why didn't you drink it? ~ I didn't like (drink) it as I didn't know what it was.

14. I'm very sorry for (be) late. It was good of you (wait) for me.

15. I keep (try) (make) mayonnaise but I never succeed. ~ Try (add) the yolk of a hard-boiled egg.

16. Do you feel like (go) to a film or would you rather (stay) at home?

17. She told me (look) through her correspondence and (take) out any letters that you had written her. I don't like (look) through someone else's letters but I had (do) as she said.

18. He took to (get up) early and (walk) noisily about the house.

19. I liked (listen) to folk music much better than (listen) to pop

20. The car began (make) an extraordinary noise so I stopped (see) what it was.

21. You'll never regret (do) a kind action.

22. He decided (put) broken glass on top of his wall (prevent) boys (climb) over it.

23. He annoyed me very much by '(take) the piece of cake that I was keeping (eat) after my supper.

24. He kept (ring) up and (ask) for an explanation and she didn't know what (do) about him.

25. We got tired of (wait) for the weather (clear) and finally decided (set) out in the rain. 26. He made me (repeat) his instructions (make) sure that I understood what I was (do) after he had gone.

27. I suggest (leave) the car here and (send) a breakdown van (tow) it to the garage.

28. She apologized for (borrow) my sewing-machine without (ask) permission and promised never (do) it again.

29. I didn't mean (offend) anyone but somehow I succeeded in (annoy) them all.

30. She claimed (be able) (tell) the future by (gaze) into her crystal ball.

31. He never thinks of (get) out of your way; he expects you (walk) round him.

32. You don't need (ask) his permission every time you want (leave) the room.

32. Decide whether to is functioning as a preposition or as part of an infinitive and then complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. The speaker said he would confine himself to (try) to (answer) four questions.

2. By selling council houses, we are able to devote more money to (build) fresh properties.

3. Hard work is the key to (pass) examinations.

4. Having suggested the scheme myself I now feel committed to (try) to (make) it work. 5. I think that is what he said but I can't swear to (have) heard him correctly.

6. He used to (dislike) London but he now seems resigned to (live) there.

7. Jones came very close to (win) a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics.

8. It might be better to (try) to (discuss) it in his own language as he isn't used to (speak) English.

9. Most educationalists agree that no teacher's duties should be limited solely to (teach). 10. Unreliable delivery dates are one of the most important obstacles to (increase) our exports.

33. Use gerund or infinitive in the following sentences.

A. 1. The boys started (to run — running).

2. They intended (to win — winning) the race.

3. My parents love (to walk — walking) in the wood

4. The children continued (to watch — watching) TV.

5. Don't try (to eat — eating) the unripe apples.

6. After dinner I began (to do — doing) my lessons.

7. Avoid (to make — making) spelling mistakes.

B. 1. He must go on (to make — making) experiments.

2. Mother loves (to work — working) in the garden.

3. Can we put off (to see — seeing) the exhibition for some days?

4. I don't deny (to have said — having said) that.

5. You must get used to (to get up — getting up) early.

6. Nobody was surprised at his (to have made — having made) a long speech.

7. It's no good (to quarrel — quarrelling) with him.

34. Choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences.

1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.

2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information.

3. His father doesn't approve of his (going/to go) to . Europe.

4. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a decision

5. Leonac is interested in ( to open/opening) a bar.

6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now.

7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in autumn

8. You would be better off (to buy/buying) this car.

9. She refused (to accept/accepting) the gift.

10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him.

11. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.

12. Carlos hoped (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year.

13. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early.

14. Helen was anxious (to tell/telling) her family about her promotion.

15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at the time.

16. Henry shouldn't risk (to drive/driving) so fast.

17. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.

18. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to her country.

19. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.

20. Gerald returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game.

35. Make an equivalent sentence, with a gerund or an infinitive, for each of these sentences.

It's hard to blow up balloons.

Making a wish before you blow out the candle is very important.

It's not easy to blow out all the candles.

Opening the presents is exciting.

But washing the dishes after the party is no fun.

It's sad to have to wait a whole year for your next birthday.

36. Complete these sentences with the indefinite or gerund form of each verb in parentheses.

Leo, Marie, and their son Scott are on their way home after a dinner party at the home of Dan and Ruth.

L.: Well, I certainly enjoyed ___________ (see) Dan and Ruth again. The food was delicious, and they were really excited about_____(get) that new dining-room set.

M.: Well, at least Ruth Was. I think that Dan only agreed (take) the set because I was tired of _________(shop)-

L.: Maybe. But Ruth said the deal was too good ______(resist). The salesclerk suggested ______ (sign) a credit agreement, so they need________(pay) only $25 a month.

M: I know that Ruth was eager_______ (take) her advice, but I'm afraid that Dan wasn't.

S.: Why?___________(buy) on credit is a good idea, isn't it? You can get more things by _______ (make) monthly payments, can't you?

M.: Yes, but ______ (use) finance plans costs a lot more than_________(pay) cash.

L.: Right. Stores want customers_________(agree) on____ (finance) because it's easier for them _______ (make) more money that way. There's monthly finance charge ________(pay).

S.: Oh. But you like________(use) credit cards, don't you? Isn't it more convenient and safer ______ (carry) cards than money?

L.: Yes, it is. But you ought ________ (pay) your bills as soon as possible. That way, the bank doesn't keep ____ (charge) interest.

M.: Exactly. It's dangerous _______ (put) too many purchases on a credit card if you can't afford______(pay) for everything right away. I don't like to see people_____(get) into debt that way.

37. Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.

THIS WAY! THAT WAY!

In a split second, when no one was paying attention, the two prisoners escaped from the back of the police van. They were handcuffed to еаch other. It was minutes before a policeman saw them (run) ... down the street. "We'll follow," two policemen said.

"Have the driver (bring) ... the van to the end of the road.

Tell him (not let) .........them get away. If we're not careful, we'll have the whole neighbourhood (complain) ...... that we've been careless." The prisoners were still running side by side. The policeman saw them (race) ... up the hill and (disappear) ... round a corner. "We'll never catch them now!" one of them said. "I told you (not leave) ... them unattended." The prisoners were running, at top speed. Suddenly, they saw a lamp post in front of them "Go left! Go right!" they each shouted at the same time. They

ran on either side of the lamp post. It just took time for the police (find) ... them lying on the pavement unhurt, dazed, and with silly grins on their faces.

38. Join these pairs of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or -ing.

1. She crossed the road. I saw her. I saw...............

2. She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her. I noticed ......

3. Something's burning. I can smell it. I can smell ...............

4. They sang a song. I listened to them. I listened.........

5. She was shouting at the children. I heard her. I heard .........

6. The robbers were waiting near the bank. They were seen. The robbers were seen .........

39. Fill in the blanks.

1. Margaret challenged me (race)_____her across the pool.

2. David volunteered (bring) ___________ some food to the reception.

3. The students practised (pronounce) _______ the "th" sound in the phrase "these thirty-three dirty trees."

4. In the fairy tale, the wolf threatened (eat)_____________ a girl named Little Red Riding Hood.

5. Susie! How many times do I have to remind you (hang up) your coat when you get home from school?

6. The horses struggled (pull)__________ the wagon out of the mud.

7. Janice demanded (know)________________why she had been fired.

8. My skin can't tolerate (be)______in the sun all day long. I get sunburned easily.

9. I avoided (tell) _______________Mary the truth because I knew she would be angry. 10. Fred Washington claims (be) _________ a descendant of George Washington.

11. Alex broke the antique vase. I'm sure he didn't mean (do) '_______it.

12. I urged Al (return) _________ to school and (finish) ________his education.

13. Mrs Freeman can't help (worry) __________ about her children.

14. Children, I forbid you (play) ________ in the street. There's too much traffic.

15. My little cousin is a blabbermouth! He can't resist (tell) _________everyone my secrets!

16. I appreciate your (take)_________the time to help me.

17. I can't afford (buy)__________a new car.

18. Ted managed (change)__________my mind.

19. I think Sam deserved (have)__________another chance.

20. Julie finally admitted (be) responsible for the problem.

21. I don't recall ever (hear)________you mention his name before.

22. She keeps (promise) ________ (visit) _______ us, but she never does.

40. Fill in the blanks using gerund or infinitive.

1. Keep (talk)_____________I'm listening to you.

2. The children promised (play) ________ more quietly. They promised (make, not)_________so much noise.

3. Linda offered (look after) ________ my cat while I was out of town.

4. You shouldn't put off (pay)_______your bills.

5. Mark mentioned (go) ____________ to the market later today. I wonder if he's still

planning (go)________.

6. Fred suggested (go) _______ (ski) ______ in the mountains this weekend. How does that sound to you?

7. The doctor ordered Mr. Gray (smoke, not) ___________.

8. Don't tell me his secret. I prefer (know, not)_________.

9. Could you please stop (whistle) ______? I'm trying (concentrate)____________on my work.

10. She finally decided (quit) _________ her present job and (look for) another one.

11. Did you remember (turn off)________the stove?

12. Jack was allowed (renew)__________his student visa.

13. Pat told us (wait, not)___________for her.

14. Mr Buck warned his daughter (play, not) _________ with matches.

15. Would you please

remind me (call)____Alice tomorrow?

16. Liz encouraged me (throw away)______my old running shoes and (buy)_________a new pair without holes in the toes

17. I'm considering (drop out of)________school, (hitchhike) __________to New York, and (try)_______ (find)______a job.

18. Don't forget (tell) ______ Jane (call) ______ me about (go)_______ (swim) _________ tomorrow.

19. Sally reminded me (ask) _______ you (tell)________ Bob (remember) ________ (bring) ________ his soccer ball to the picnic.

41. Fill in the blanks.

Joe's and Diane's personalities are different in other ways, too. Diane is a very quiet person, but Joe is very talkative. He likes to talk all the time. He especially enjoys discussing politics Diane (hate/discuss) ________politics. Also, when she is tired, she doesn't (want/talk) _____________ about anything; she (need/have)_________peace and quiet. Joe doesn't understand When Diane is quiet, he thinks she's unhappy. Sometimes when Joe talks a lot, it drives Diane crazy. Then she jokes and says, "Joe, you never (stop/talk)_________".

However, Joe and Diane are not completely different. They share some interests, and they (enjoy/do) __________ many things together. For example, both Joe and Diane are interested (of, in, about) __________ cook___________On Saturdays they (like/spend) ________ all day (cook) ___________, but they both (hate/wash) dishes. They also (like/go) ________ to old movies from the 1930s and 40s together and they (like/go) __________ to the theatre. They have some problems in their relationship, but in general they (enjoy/be)_________together.

42. Open the brackets.

There are many well —(mean) people who believe that it is impossible to stop the conflict between the deeply — (divide) religious groups in Northern Ireland. However, there have always been peace — (love) people who have tried to bring together Catholics and Protestants. These much — (need) peace groups were often organized by women. And if you look around, you will see some (encourage) signs in Northern Ireland.

One woman with (fascinate) ideas about how the conflict could be stopped is Sister Veronica O'Brien. She was a teacher in the Catholic Falls Road area of Belfast. After she had taught there for 15 years, she started a carefully — (plan) project in North Belfast, the city's most religiously — (mix) area.

First she told (interest) teachers about her project. Then she had to "sell" her ideas to pupils. There have already been some (promise) results: she has talked with (mix) groups of Catholic and Protestant pupils about the troubles. In this way she hopes they will learn to understand each other.

43. Rewrite these sentences using past participle.

1. The painting was lost for many years. It turned up at an auction.

2. Although the meat was cooked for several hours, it was still tough.

3. If the picture is seen from this angle, it looks rather good.

4. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.

5. When the poem is read aloud it is very effective.

44. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present participle e.g. knowing, a past participle e.g. known, or a perfect participle e.g. having known. Numbers 17, 28, 33, and 36 contain three sentences each. Combine these in the same way.

He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground.

Getting off his horse, he began searching ...

I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.

Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire ...

The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions.

Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused ...

These participle constructions are more common in written English.

1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.

2. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.

3. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off.

4. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.

5. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere.

6. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building.

7. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk.

8. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.

9. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.

10. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food.

11. She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.

12. They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.

13. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.

14. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw.

15. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park.

16. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.

17. He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing the door.

18. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn't move it alone.

19. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.

20. He addressed the congregation. He said he was sorry to see how few of them had been able to come.

21. He thought he must have made a mistake somewhere. He went through his calculations again.

22. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date.

23. The tree had fallen across the road. It had been uprooted by the gale.

24. People were sleeping in the next room. They were wakened by the sound of breaking glass.

25. I knew that the murderer was still at large. I was extremely reluctant to open the door.

26. He stole the silver. He looked for a place to hide it.

27. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station.

28. I sat in the front row. I used opera glasses. I saw everything beautifully.

29. One evening you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this day.

30. I didn't like to sit down. I knew that there were ants in the grass.

31. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque.

32. Slates were ripped off by the gale. They fell on people passing below.

33. The lion found his cage door open. He saw no sign of his keeper. He left the cage and walked slowly towards the zoo entrance.

34. The government once tried to tax people according to the size of their houses. They put a tax on windows.

35. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn't like to go any further without a light.

36. She wore extremely fashionable clothes. She was surrounded by photographers and pressmen. She swept up to the microphone.

45. A participle is considered to belong to the noun or pronoun that immediately precedes it (which usually, but not necessarily, is the subject of the main verb).

The boy, climbing the tree to get birds' eggs, had a bad fall.

If there is no noun/pronoun in this position the participle is considered to belong to the subject of the following main verb:

Climbing the tree to get birds' eggs, the boy had a bad fall.

Sometimes this principle is disregarded and confusion results:

Climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke.

This word order makes it appear that the egg was climbing, which is nonsense. A participle linked in this way to the wrong noun/pronoun is said to be "misrelated". The sentence should be rewritten:

Climbing down the tree he broke one of the eggs or

As he was climbing down the tree one of the eggs broke.

Other examples of this type of error are given below. Correct the sentences. Sometimes only a change of order is required.

1. When leaving a car in this car park the brakes must be left off.

2. Wading across the river, the current swept me off my feet.

3. When filling a tank with petrol naked lights should be extinguished.

4. Running into the room, a rug caught her foot and she fell.

5. Reading the letter a second time, the meaning becomes clearer.

6. When carrying a gun it should never be pointed at anyone.

7. When planting these flowers care must be taken not to damage the roots.

8. Riding in his first race, his horse fell at the last jump.

9. When paying by cheque, a bank card should be shown.

10. Knowing me to be the fool of the family, the news that I had won a scholarship astonished him.

11. Believing that his last hour had come, his hands began to tremble.

12. Passing under a ladder, a pot of paint fell on my head.

13. Reading in bed, my hands often get very cold.

14. Leaving the cinema, it seemed to him that the film had been exceptionally bad.

15. Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room.

16. Having paid my taxes, the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning.

17. Writing my name in the hotel register, a familiar voice attracted my attention.

18. Tied to a post, the sea was tossing the boat up and down.

19. Misunderstanding the question, the wrong answer was sent in.

20. Shining in the sky, we saw the first star.

21. When driving carelessly it is easy to have an accident.

22. Pinned to the door by a knife, the man saw a notice.

23. Written in large letters they read the words "No Entry".

24. While cleaning his gun it went off unexpectedly.

25. Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught my eye.

26. Rushing out of the house, a lorry knocked me over.

27. Sitting by the fire, it all came back to me.

28. Falling from such a height, we thought he would never survive.

29. When changing a fuse the electricity should first be switched off.

30. Towed behind the car, I saw a trailer with a boat on it.

31. While sitting at the foot of a cliff a stone fell on him.

32. Driving to work, the traffic jams infuriated him.

33. Sitting in the dentist's chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.

34. Weakened by his last illness, I felt sure that another winter in this country would kill him.

35. Getting out of bed, a scorpion bit him.

46. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form. When more than one form is possible it will be noted in the key.

1. When the painter felt the ladder (begin) (slip) he grabbed the gutter (save) himself from (fall).

2. The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear.

3. He offered (lend) me the money. I didn't like (take) it but I had no alternative.

4. What was in the letter?~ I don't know. I didn't like (open) it as it wasn't addressed to me.

5. Do you remember (read) about it? ~ No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers.

6. Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? ~ Yes, I have the tickets here. Would you like (keep) them? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets.

7. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait).

8. I didn't know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way.

9. I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone (speak).

10. This book tells you how (win) at games without actually (cheat).

11. The gunman began (fire). He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek.

12. He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up.

13. I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door.

14. Did you advise him (go) to the police? ~ No, I didn't like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter.

15. He wanted (put) my chameleon on a tartan rug and (watch) it (change) colour.

16. It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit) them.

17. The fire seems (be) out. ~ It can't be quite out. I can hear the wood (crackle).

18. I caught him (climb) over my wall. I asked him (explain) but he refused (say) anything, so in the end I had (let) him (go).

19. When at last I succeeded in (convince) him that I wanted (get) home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) forward.

20. I'm not used to (drive) on the left. ~ When you see everyone else (do) it you'll find it quite easy (do) yourself.

21. It is pleasant (sit) by the fire at night and (hear) the wind (howl) outside.

22. There was no way of (get) out of the building except by (climb) down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) this.

23. We heard the engines (roar) as the plane began (move) and we saw the people on the ground (wave) good-bye.

24. It's no good (write) to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do) is (go) and (see) him.

25. Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) across it? ~ I didn't like (cross) it because of the bull. I never see a bull without (think) that it wants (chase) me.

26. The people in the flat below seem (be having) a party You can hear the champagne corks (thud) against their ceiling.

27. I don't like (get) bills but when I do get them 1 like (pay) them promptly.

28. Ask him (come) in. Don't keep him (stand) at the door.

29. The boys next door used (like) (make) and (fly) model aeroplanes, but they seem to have stopped (do) that now.

30. I knew I wasn't the first (arrive), for I saw smoke (rise) from the chimney.

31. We watched the men (saw) the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) with a tremendous crash.

32. I hate (see) a child (cry).

33. We watched the children (jump) from a window and (fall) into a blanket held by the people below.

34. It is very unpleasant (wake) up and (hear) the rain (beat) on the windows

35. He saw the lorry (begin) (roll) forwards but he was too far away (do) anything (stop) it.

36. There are people who can't help (laugh) when they see someone (slip) on a banana skin.

47. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Note that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required.

1. "I was lonely at first," the old man admitted, "but after a time I got used to (live) alone and even got (like) it."

2. Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage coaches. It used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath.

3. I meant (buy) an evening paper but I didn't see anyone (sell) them.

4. Tom: I want (catch) the 7. a.m. train tomorrow.

Ann: But that means (get) up at 6.00; and you're not very good at (get) up early, are

you?

5. He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job.

6. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (go) to school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out.

7. Did you remember (lock) the car? ~ No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now. 8. No, I didn't move the bomb. I was afraid (touch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces!

9. Next time we go (house hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I wasted hours (look) for the last house.

10. Tom: Let's (go) for a swim. Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead?

11. The hunters expected (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This meant (take) the snakes out of the sack and (measure) them. They seemed (expect) me (do) it;

but I wasn't particularly anxious (be) the first (die) of snakebite.

12. After (spend) two days (argue) where to go for their holidays, they decided (not go) anywhere.

13. He is talking about (give) up his job and (go) (live) in the country.

14. I was just about (leave) the office when the phone rang. It was my wife; she wanted me (call) at the butcher's on my way home.

15. He said, "I'm terribly sorry to (keep) you (wait)." I said, "It doesn't matter at all," but he went on (apologize) for nearly five minutes!

16. The lecturer began by (tell) us where the island was, and went on (talk) about its history.

17. My father thinks I am not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show) him that he is wrong.

18. Tom: I can't get my car (start) on cold mornings.

Jack: Have you tried (fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps.

19. Did he manage (carry) the trunk upstairs? ~ No, he didn't. He isn't strong enough (move) it, let alone (carry) it upstairs.

20. Jack: Don't forget (take) a hacksaw with you.

Ann: What's a hacksaw? And why should I (take) one with me?

Jack: It's a tool for (cut) metal. You see, Tom is bound (get) into trouble for (take) photographs of the wrong things, and you'll be arrested with him. With a hacksaw you'll be able (saw) through the bars of your cell and (escape).

21. Peter: Wouldn't it be better (ask) Tom (leave) his camera at home?

Jack: It would be no good (ask) Tom (do) that. It would be like (ask) a woman (travel) without a handbag.

22. I've got the loaf; now I'm looking for a bread knife (cut) it with. ~ I saw Paul (sharpen) a pencil with the bread knife a minute ago.

23. We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the way. 24. When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started

(deal) with your garage instead.

25. Do yon feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home? ~ I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant.

26. Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrow — unless you'd like me (have) a go at it for you.

27. I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he

insisted on (help) me.

28. Jack: I don't mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in queues.

Tom: I don't care" for (queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I think it's better (go) by tube, or taxi.

29. He took to (follow) me about and (criticize) my work till I threatened (hit) him.

30. I have (stay) here; I'm on duty. But you needn't (wait); you're free (go) whenever you like.

31. In Animal Farm the old pig urged the animals (rebel) against man but

he warned them (not adopt) man's habits.

32. There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We'd only have (wait). ~ I don't mind (wait). It's better (be) too early than too late.

33. I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise.

34. If you agree (work) for me; I'll see about (get) you a work permit.

35. We'd better (start) early. We don't want (risk) (get) caught in a traffic jam.

36. He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter themselves.

48. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Remember that sometimes a bare infinitive is required.

1. We suggested (sleep) in hotels but the children were anxious (camp) out.

2. Paul: Would you like (come) to a lecture on Wagner tonight?

Ann: No, thanks. I like (listen) to music but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it. 3. If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning remember (put) a milk bottle outside your door.

4. They let us park motorcycles here but they won't allow us (park) cars.

5. They don't allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don't want (risk) (set) in on fire, but you can (smoke) in the foyer during the interval.

6. Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers (he is so busy that he can't receive callers), so you'd better just (go) away.

7. What about (buy) double quantities of everything today? That will save (shop) again later in the week.

8. The inspector asked (see) my ticket and when I wasn't able (find) it he made me (buy) another. ~ He probably suspected you of (try) (travel) without one.

9. Would you like me (turn) down the radio a bit? ~ No, it's all right. I'm used to

(work) with the radio on.

10. One of the gang suggested (take) the body out to sea, (drop) it overboard and (pretend) that it had been an accident.

11. I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns and swords. ~ It's almost impossible (prevent) boys (play) soldiers.

12. Would you children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form. ~ It's no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise.

13. I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would you like (come)? ~ No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train I loathe (travel) by road. 14. Let's (go) (fish)today. There's a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann? ~ No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I've no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish).

15. He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once.

16. The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station and (dash) straight across the road.

17. All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash) against the rocks.

18. I didn't mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn't resist (try) one.

19. Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus? ~ I'd rather (go) by bus. Besides, it'll take ages (get) there on foot.

20. All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes? ~ Oh, let's wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we'll get soaked (walk) to the bus station.

21. The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding-places. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used (get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there.

22. Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself. But Tom

advised me (sell) the whole house.

23. The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the morning and (come) home in the evenings. And he used to hear them (shout) greetings to each other and (talk) loudly.

24. He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings. Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would stop (talk) to him on their way home.

25. He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along a narrow ledge to the window of the next room.

26. Did you have any trouble (find) the house? ~ No, but I had a lot of difficulty (get) in

Nobody seemed (know) where the key was.

27. Bill couldn't bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly. Whenever he found me (relax) or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once. I wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the weekend

(keep) out of his way.

28. After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn't really enjoy (live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to

London.

29. It's no use (argue) with him. You might as well (argue) with a stone wall. He is incapable of (see) anyone else's point of view.

30. I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday. We are all looking forward to (see) you. Remember (bring) your rubber boots.

31. He has been charged with (receive) and (sell) stolen goods. He has admitted (receive) but denies (sell) them. The fact is that he hasn't had time (sell) them yet.

32. He noticed the helicopter (hover) over the field. Then, to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder (be) thrown out and three men (climb) down it. He watched them (run) across the field and out through a gate. Later he saw a car with four men in it (come) out of the lane (lead) to the field.

33. He admitted that it was possible that the car happened (be passing) and that the three men persuaded the driver (give) them a lift; but he thought it much more likely that they had arranged for the car (pick) them up and that the driver had been waiting in the lane for the helicopter (drop) them.

34. What about (have) a picnic in Piccadilly Circus? ~ What an extraordinary place

(have) a picnic! Fancy (sit) there with the traffic (swirl) round you and the pigeons (take) bites out of your sandwiches!

35. Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show) us some proof of your identity?

36. Let's (swim) across. ~ I'm not really dressed for (swim). What's wrong with (go) round by the bridge?

You can find the answer key at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/11529571/english

EXTRA LINKS:

http://ingles.ing.uchile.cl/otros/downloads/Gerunds%20&%20Infinitives.pdf

http://www.lavc.edu/WCweb/gerundsinfinitives.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/mistakes/mis-gerund.pdf

http://www.lvarv.org/el-civics/EE%20III%20PDF/Gerunds%20and%20Infinitives.pdf

http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/3388/3469470/ch43.pdf

http://www.englishcorner.vacau.com/grammar/gerinflst.pdf

http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/azapata/materias/english_4/verbs_followed_by_gerunds_and_infinitives.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/verbs-gerund-infinitive2.pdf

http://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/13488/5/UNIT%2020_GERUNDS%20AND%20INFINITIVES.pdf

http://www.azargrammar.com/assets/intermediate/FEGTeacher-CreatedWorksheets/Worksheets13/GerundsInfinsImpRules.pdf

http://www.vitaeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Infinitives-and-Gerunds-Handout.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/generalgrammar/gr.gerund02.pdf

http://eoimeetingpoint.wikispaces.com/file/view/Gerund+and+Infinitive+Exercises.pdf

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